How To Computerize Your Accounts essays

How To Computerize Your Accounts essays THESIS: I will explain the steps that need to be taken to computerize business accounts. The steps are planning and informed selecting of hardware, software, and training. I. Making the decision to computerize III. Installation and training In the normal course of a day our lives are affected by the technology of computers in ways we can only begin to imagine. The word ubiquitous means ever-present or occurring everywhere. This term could be used to describe the use of the computer in the business(Perry 11). The business worlds benefit alone is enough to make your head spin. Every time you go to the grocery store, the bank, the local ATM, or even the neighborhood gym you cannot help but benefit by the use of computers in modern society. The common civilians encounter with computers is not the only area where technology has changed our lives. Many fields in business such as accounting depend on the convenience, speed, accuracy, and reliability that computers have become known for. But not all companies are large enough to benefit from the use of computers. First a company must research the impact a computer will have on keeping track of its accounts. Then they must choose the correct hardware and software to best suit their particular needs, while at the same time making themselves familiar with the new enhancements that increase productivity. Finally, the company must allow time for installation and training. When evaluating the need to convert from a manual accounting system to a computerized accounting system you also need to forecast the future demands of your company. After all to survive in the business world you must anticipate the future and not react to the past. How do you know when it is time to make the critical transition? It is when management finds itself unable to keep track of its business. Which products are profitable? Which are not? Which customers pay ...

Compare and Contrast Essay

Compare and Contrast Essay Compare and contrast essay tips to use when writing your comparison essay. Here youll find the words to use for comparing and contrasting, the different ways one can write an essay to compare and contrast the subjects etc. What Is a Compare and Contrast Essay? Unlike other types of essays (see top 10 essay types), a compare and contrast essay is used to explore both the similarities and the differences between two subjects by comparing and/or contrasting them against each other. Compare and Contrast Essay Outline To serve their particular purposes in an effective manner, a compare and contrast essay must communicate  in an efficient manner. This means that compare and contrast essays should start with an opening paragraph, which will directly state what the writer is trying to say. Afterward, they can move onto the body, which will support the opening paragraph by providing supporting evidence. Once the supporting evidence has been listed, compare and contrast essays can conclude by reemphasizing their opening paragraphs in order to produce a lasting impression on the mind of the reader. Comparative Analysis With that said, a compare and contrast essay cannot be completed without conducting a comparative analysis, which the writer can use to lay out their thoughts about the subjects before sorting them into a neat and organized form. Fortunately, this process is as simple as creating a Venn diagram (see below) before filling it with the characteristics of the subjects, while making sure to put shared characteristics in the overlapping area. Once the writer is satisfied with their brainstorming, they can sort through the characteristics for the ones with the most relevance to the point that they are trying to make, which is important because weaker arguments can actually drag down their stronger counterparts when placed in the same essay. How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay Pre-Writing Phase How to start a compare and contrast essay? Students are normally assigned a topic to write on, yet sometimes professors give their students the freedom of selecting the topic on their own. In the latter case choosing one out of top compare and contrast essay topics can become a challenge. While working on the topic selection it is important not to choose two totally unrelated subjects, otherwise finding similarities can get problematic. Start out with a subject that has some basic similarities, e.g. two novels, two paintings, speeches etc. Looking for the things to compare and contrast? Here is a list of top 30 compare contrast essay topics: TOP 30 COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY TOPICS Once you have chosen what to write on in your comparison essay, brainstorm ideas and try to write down every single one of them, choosing those that are relevant to the topic. You might want to divide your sheet of paper into two main sections and start jotting down everything that comes to your mind, including similarities and differences. Writing Phase Venn Diagram An effective technique for finding similarities and differences is using a Venn diagram. A Venn diagram is a scheme that represents logical relations between two objects. Graphically it can be depicted as two overlapping circles, each of the circles denoting some entity. The overlapping part is the area denoting similarities, while the parts that do not overlap, are the differences (see Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Venn Diagram: Comparing Apples and Oranges (Compare and Contrast Essay) A very important point in writing an effective compare and contrast essay is a correct selection of the lines of comparison: if you are comparing two objects, you should be comparing them against one and the same parameter. For example, looking at the picture above you will see that oranges and apples are compared in regards to things like origin, place of growth, a thickness of peel etc. All of these features are inherent in both objects. If you say that an apple is different from an orange because an apple is green and the orange is juicy, you will be â€Å"comparing apples and oranges† – this time in the figurative meaning of likening two incomparable things. Organization:  Typical Structure of a Compare and Contrast Essay The opening paragraph should state the essay’s subjects as well as its thesis statement about those same subjects. From that point on, the body of a compare and contrast essay tends to be structured in one of two ways: The first way:  a writer can list the characteristics of one subject and then the characteristics of the other before bringing them together by analyzing their similarities and differences. This means that the body of the essay will begin with a number of paragraphs about one subject, continue with a similar number of paragraphs about the other subject, and then finish with a crucial paragraph that will use the listed characteristics to compare and contrast the two subjects. The second way: a  writer can list the similarities between the subjects and then the differences between the same. This means that the body of the essay will begin with a number of paragraphs about their similarities and finish with a number of paragraphs about their differences. With this structure, there is no need for an analysis at the end because its content is spread throughout the preceding paragraphs. Introduction Origin Apples Oranges Climate Apples Oranges Peel Apples Oranges Conclusion Another mode of organization, although less common, is called block comparison. According to this pattern, you will be required to separate the body of your compare and contrast essay in two parts. The first part of the body will be dedicated to Object A, while the other half will be centered around Object B. Together with the introduction and the conclusion, the overall essay length will be 4 paragraphs. In case of block comparison the overall essay structure will take the following form: Introduction Oranges Origin Climate Peel Apples Origin Climate Peel Conclusion Once the body of the essay is complete, its conclusion should restate the thesis statement but in a more confident manner because it has proven its point. Sometimes, a conclusion will summarize the preceding paragraphs for a bolder and blunter emphasis, while other times, a conclusion will let them provide their support in a more implicit manner. HOW TO WRITE A COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY Additional Tips on Comparison and Contrast Essay Writing Fig. 2. Comparison and Contrast Signifiers Compare and Contrast Words An important thing about writing any essay is using special cue words that will make your essay more coherent and logical. In the  case of a compare and contrast essay you will need to use cue words signifying comparison, for example: Words to compare: like, compared to, similar to, similarly, by analogy, likewise, in the same way, as well as, both, too, at the same time, correspondingly, in addition, same as, etc. The cue words signaling contrast are: Words to contrast:  unlike, conversely, however, nevertheless, still, although, while, but, even though, although, despite, yet, regardless, on the one hand †¦ one the other hand, etc. Post-Writing Phase Once the first draft of an essay is complete, it is time for the writer to put the finishing touches: Proofreading Proofreading is a key factor because errors can break the reader from the flow of the essay, thus robbing it of its power to persuade. Writers should always read through their own work to check for typos, spelling  mistakes, grammar mistakes, as well as lines that should be rephrased for a better result. However, they should also get other people to proofread for them because their closeness to their writing can make it hard for them to pick up on its problems. After all, they already know what they are trying to say, meaning that they are not looking at their work with the same perspective as the reader. References References are a useful way to increase an essay’s power to persuade so long as they are appropriately authoritative. For example, referencing a politician is probably not going to be much use in a philosophy essay unless it is in the context of their philosophical writings. Furthermore, references are needed to use someone else’s arguments without taking credit for them in the process, which is necessary to prevent plagiarism. Not coincidentally, this also makes it easy for the reader to check the sources so that they will know, that somebody really said so if the reader is skeptical. Finally, references should be done in the style that is appropriate for the essay’s subjects for the convenience of different people in different fields. For example, most essays about the sciences should use APA, while most essays about the humanities should use MLA since those are the conventions. We are essay writing experts, meaning that we are ready to help those who are interested in learning more about compare and contrast essays as well as essay-writing in general. All you need to do is visit the order page and fill it out we will start working on it immediately, notifying you on the order progress.

Global Reporting Initiative and Sustainable Reporting Essay

Global Reporting Initiative and Sustainable Reporting - Essay Example The increase in regulatory scrutiny, the emergence of new standards and the heightened interest on the part of public and private policymakers are the reasons why sustainability reporting becomes imperative for organizations today. To demonstrate this, this paper will explore one of the most widely recognized sustainability standards, the Global Reporting Initiative. Reporting Standard The Global Reporting Initiative was established in the year 1997 and sponsored by the Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies; the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) was formed for the purpose of outlining a set of guidelines that would deal with the economic, environmental and social consequences of organizational activity (Brown, 2005, p.90). Because of this objective, the initiative is often called as â€Å"sustainability reporting.† Its declared mission is â€Å"to create conditions for the transparent and reliable exchange of sustainability information through the development an d continuous improvement of its Sustainability Reporting Framework† (GRI 2007). ... ainability Reporting Guidelines mandates that â€Å"a sustainability report should provide a balanced and reasonable representation of the sustainability performance of a reporting organization† (SRG, p.3). The significance of this initiative for companies rests on the determination of the sustainability performance. By defining, outlining and documenting the economic, environmental, social and governance areas for specific economic activities, an organization through the report, could identify its achievements in the context of its sustainability objectives. It is able to better benefit from the impact of its sustainability performance because the report contains correct and legitimate feedback. The benefits of a transparent organization, which will be explored further later on, is particularly maximized. This is the reason why companies release sustainability reports. In the International Survey of Corporate Responsibility Reporting in 2008, for instance, it was found that a lmost 80 percent of the companies in the Global 250 issued sustainability report (White, p.47). The same report cited numerous other reasons. They include ethics, economic considerations, brand reputation, innovation and learning (p.47). These variables reflect the changing dynamics of doing business today as stakeholder relationships changed. It appears that profit, which traditionally govern such relationship, is no longer the sole concern especially on the part of investors or that profit is no longer exclusively driven by purely economic activities. The case of AstraZeneca is an excellent example of how sustainability reporting could achieve a valid and acceptable sustainable reporting. The company has incorporated environmental and social aspects into its existing accounting and reporting

Sociological Views on Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sociological Views on Poverty - Essay Example It would then be followed by a critical examination of the arguments taken by authors and commentators and would end in a conclusion that shall emphasize the role of the global interrelation and effort to resolve the problems of poverty. Poverty as stated by Ruby Payne in her book, Framework for Understanding Poverty, is the condition in which the person does not have enough resources. She further clarifies that there are different types of resources with which poverty could be identified with. First and the most popular concerns financial resources which refers to monetary value that shall enable the individual to purchase services and goods. The others include emotional, mental, spiritual, physical, support systems such as friends and family networks, role models and knowledge of habits. However, financial resources have been the most popular since it was the most obvious, regardless of this; the other resources are also important and relevant if one would like to counteract poverty as a whole. (2005, pages4-8) Since usually poverty is seen as a lack of financial resources, it has been customary for people to respond to poverty through financial support. This is primarily done through donations and grants. It is also in line with this view that people thinks that people are poor because they do not work hard enough in able to sustain their basic needs. People who looked like rubbish or are not presentable are often seen as poor. (Payne, 2005, page 4-9) Another author, Farley, believes that poverty is something that is rooted on sociological relationship such as the economic production, the political system, the institution that is present in the society, the predominant culture prevalent in the society. Thus, poverty in this view is not a problem in the individual level but in a societal level which could only be remedied through sociological programs and changes. To further clarify his view, he provided an introduction to two relevant perspectives that shall explain his belief. (2000, 173) The Functionalist perspective is a view, wherein the whole society is likened to a living organism wherein each cells are relevant and relatively connected to one and another. As the name of the theory implies, it insist that each part of the society is present due to a certain function that it must perform. (Kitano, 1985:40). In line with this perspective, poverty is viewed as a necessary part of society. Poverty has a function in the society in which it could be found. Looking closer, poor people resembles certain characters that set them aside from the rest of the society. The differences in values and in culture have made the poor different from other members of the society. Now this attitude would be inherited by their children thus explain the expansion of poverty. Most commonly the poor people think as if they could not change their life and life style since they were born that way. (Eitzen and Baca-Zinn, 1994 page 173-175) However, this kind of approach to poverty is too limited and very illogical. Poverty might indeed be natural but this does not mean that it should be left in its own. Time before

Starbucks Corporation and Brand Loyalty Essay Example for Free

Starbucks Corporation and Brand Loyalty Essay In today’s highly competitive business markets, a consumer’s loyalty to a brand often adds reassurance to the company’s stable and lasting position in the marketing world. As the new year continues to unravel, brands must maintain strong marketing strategies in order to keep their current buyers interested as well as capture the eye of new buyers. Brand loyalty after all, is the consumer’s conscious and unconscious decision, expressed through intention or behavior, to repurchase products from a brand continually. It occurs when the consumer perceives that the brand offers the right product features, image, or level of quality at the right price. One of the industry’s most successful companies, with over 19,000 stores worldwide, is Starbucks Corporation. Through the use of various marketing tactics, Starbucks has established itself as the largest coffeehouse company in world with a continuously expanding flock of loyal consumers each year. Pricing: As the leader of the coffee market, Starbucks Corporation is known for setting its prices on a simple idea: providing high value products at a moderate cost. When consumers are drawn to a product they find worthy of their money, they often are willing to pay any cost to attain the item. For Starbucks’ loyal consumers, quality is key. To maintain its brand loyal consumer base, Starbucks ensures their buyers quality coffee to justify its costs. Differentiation: Starbucks spends a large sum of time and energy annually to differentiate itself from its competitors. When one steps foot into one of the coffeehouses’ many locations, he or she will immediately be exposed to the music played in the shop as well as the types of products the shop sells, from bags of freshly ground coffee to jazz CDs. Starbucks also tries to stay up-to-date on the latest technology, often times being the first to introduce the newest advancements to its customers. Through new approaches such as location-based promotions and mobile payments, Starbucks uses various techniques to set itself apart from other coffeehouses in the hopes of attracting brand loyal consumers. Customer Service/Satisfaction: Starbucks has always been strongly devoted to providing its customers with quality service. To ensure this goal is achieved, the company aims to hire motivated and committed employees. Each individual hired by the brand is employee trained for all classes of employees, including part-time workers. Starbucks relies on its baristas and other frontline staff to provide customers with the best â€Å"Starbucks Experience†. My Starbucks Rewards Card: Another tactic Starbucks has used to reel in brand loyal consumers is the introduction of the â€Å"My Starbucks Rewards Card† in 2009. The free, no-contract rewards system allows customers to accumulate stars for each purchase they make at a Starbucks shop. Each star collected is put towards the three level reward system, qualifying card owners for free drinks on birthdays and other benefits. Similar to a reloadable gift card, card users can check there can easily assess and manage their card balances online. The My Starbucks Rewards Card is the perfect way to attract and keep brand loyal Starbucks consumers since customers have the incentive of earning rewards for simply buying products from their favorite coffeehouse. Starbucks’ Social Media Strategy: In addition to operating fan accounts on Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube, Starbucks also owns its own version of a social networking site called, MyStarbucksIdea. com, where customers are asked to contribute their ideas on anything related to Starbucks. The site allows to users to see what others are suggesting, vote on ideas and check the results. MyStarbucksIdea. com is a brilliant and important aspect of Starbucks social media strategy. Users who are part of this network feel that they have some role in the decision making process of the company and it makes them feel a part of it. Starbucks employees also play role in the company’s social media strategy by participating in the blog entitled, â€Å"Ideas In Action†. This blog is written by various Starbucks employees and discusses how the brand is incorporating the ideas submitted by users on MyStarbucksIdea. com. The blog keeps customers in the company loop by keeping them informed regarding what is happening with their ideas. This strategy helps to increase the loyalty of consumers to the brand as well as showing potential customers, â€Å"Hey, we care about what YOU have to say†. Free Samples: On Tuesday, January 12, 2012, Starbucks Coffee released a new roast of its famous coffee, the â€Å"Blonde Roast†. To help introduce customers to its new lighter roast product, the company offered free samples of its brews during a 3-hour event each day, for two days. The research from tasting event called the, â€Å"Find the Roast You Love Most†, showed that more than 54 million U. S. coffee drinker said they prefer the lighter-roast coffee. Customers who came for the sampling were also given free samples of the light roast to brew at home and a $1 off coupon off a pound of any Starbucks coffee. By offered free samples of their new product to the public, Starbucks was able to draw forth brand loyal consumers as well as other coffee lovers. Today, Starbucks Corporation is one of the most successful and admired companies in the world. Since the company opened its first coffee shop in Seattle, Washington in 1971, it has expanded into a billon-dollar international brand. From its tasty beverages and treats to its specialty, whole-bean coffee blends, Starbucks has developed strong strategic methods that have led the coffeehouse to success, winning over the hearts of many coffee indulgers. Through strategies of pricing, differentiation, providing quality customer service, introducing a rewards program, social media networking, and free samples, Starbucks has been able to acquire thousands of brand loyal consumers each year.

How Much Working Capital Will I Need When I Buy a Website? :: Sell Website Buy Website

How Much Working Capital Will I Need When I Buy a Website? Question: If you buy a business and you're getting a loan, how much capital should you have available until the business starts generating income? For example, if I have $100,000 should I be looking for a business that's $50,000 keeping some back or should I look for a business that's over and try to find financing for the overage. Answer: Thank you for your excellent question. Believe it or not, many buyers overlook this and wind up in trouble soon after they acquire a business. What you are trying to determine is known as the "working capital" requirements of the business. This is the amount of money you will need available to fund the business after you take over until it becomes self-sufficient, meaning that there is enough inflow of cash to pay the bills. Unfortunately, there isn't a standard answer, but it is something that you can easily calculate. Keep in mind that every business scenario is different. For example, if you acquire a business where clients pay immediately (i.e. a retail store), then you will have an inflow of cash the first day that you take over. On the other hand, if it's a business where you grant payment terms to clients and the average time to collect is 30 days, then at a bare minimum, you will need at least one month of working capital (although I don't think that 30 day's worth is enough, but I'll explain in a moment). The other thing to consider is inventory. If you will have to purchase products to sell prior to seeing payments form clients, here too your cash flow will be affected. The best way to approach this for any business is to do a forecast for the first six months after closing. Generally, you should take the average monthly revenue for the past 2 – 3 years. Then, factor in any seasonality to the business. For example, if you are buying a water sports equipment rental business on the beach in Florida in May, you can certainly expect sales to be far lower than they will be in December. Once you determine the average sales, then you must calculate all of the fixed costs that you will incur from day one. These are all of the expenses that the business will have that are not related to the sales. For example, if you have sales people on commission, their costs are only incurred when revenue is generated.

Media Portrayals of Criminal Justice System

A limited number of people have interaction with or are having the real experience of what and how the criminal justice system works. This is because majority of our ideas are generally drawn from the various forms of mass media – news, television, movies, and print media. Generally, all media forms show a very positive representation of the attainment and honesty of the criminal justice system.   The media helps to mold the mental positions and impressions of the society. It also assists in shaping the public's perceptions regarding criminals, crime, and justice, as well as the people within the system. In fact, the media is a vital source of details and an effective tool of shaping one’s views on the criminal justice system.For the reasons that media builds a social reality, creates a public's plan of action, and designs the government's response toward crime and justice, suggest that there is a complicated interaction between media portrayals of crime itself and th e criminal justice system in general.Broadcast and Print News PortrayalsAn article by Shannon Petersen suggests that modern broadcast and print media portrayals of the criminal justice system unveil greatly about journalism. Petersen coined this as the yellow journalism due to the significantly and specifically shocking, challenging, and unreliable characteristics of the news it brings. This is also because the characteristics of yellow journalism were evident in news stories in broadcast media (television and radio) and in all the nation's major newspapers (Petersen, 1991).The article titled â€Å"Yellow Justice: Media Portrayal of Criminal Trials in the Progressive Era† also states that newspaper, television, and radio companies were motivated more by the financial gain instead of its justice awareness. This oftentimes led to misleading and inaccurate news reports (Petersen, 1991). Petersen (1991) also noted that yellow journalism was very apparent during industrialization boom of newspapers and broadcasting companies.The lack of internal restriction regarding the manner and topic to report also contributed to the wide practice of yellow journalism. In fact, Petersen (1991) reported that during the early part of the twentieth century, courts had not yet adopted judicial practices like jury segregation to avoid the presence and eventually limit the influence of media practitioners in the courtroom.Lastly, Petersen (1991) stated that media portrayals of the judicial trials in the early twentieth century promote more about an advance era of the society. For instance, even a credible newspaper such as the New York Times was tainted when it published a report which showed racism and sexism (Petersen, 1991). This is because the report strengthened tendencies in the society and the criminal justice system.Newspaper and broadcast reports which sensationalized the criminal justice system are stories which deal with racial and gender stereotypes, bigamy, divorc e and traffic violations (Petersen, 1991). According to Pterson (1991), these articles display a knowledgeable skepticism of the ability of the society to refuse the power of the media. Surprisingly, they even show the public's willingness to sacrifice the freedom of the press in the name of justice (Petersen, 1991).Television PortrayalsAltheide (1985), Gerbner and Gross (1976), and Gerbner (1993) presented a great relation between heavy television screening and the socialization of television-prejudiced ideas of reality (cited in McNeely, 1995). According to McNeely (1995), there is a significant involvement and study addressing the concern on violence on television and its influences on the viewers. A large number of works focuses on the issue of whether or not television portrayals of crime and violence have an effect to the viewing population on the aspect of engendering, rather than simply attesting similar mental positions and human conducts.McNeely (1995) suggested that telev ision programs should be utilized to ascertain public images of the criminal justice system itself and how those images might or might not change the knowledge, perspective, and basic understanding of the judicial system and its operation. He added that those said images and impressions can be compared with â€Å"reality† in order to add to one's understanding of the criminal law and social interaction (cited in McNeely, 1995).McNeely (1995), however, clarified that with television portrayals, people might expect to find a comparative match and an increasing level of influence on public notion of the criminal justice system. A growing level of television viewed by the â€Å"postmodern† individual may result in more television-defined public perspectives of criminal justice and law enforcement. McNeely (1995) added that the suggested research, aside from being distinctly absorbing and suggestive, can lead to a somewhat different and persuasive examination of the interac tion between the public and judicial system especially in terms of their interactive investigation. This is because of their significant abstract and experimental implications for related studies of the tradition, government, and the criminal justice studies in general (cited in McNeely, 1995).Movie PortrayalsIn his presentation of the movie portrayals of the criminal justice system, Myers (2006) said that movies reflect some realities about the judicial system regardless of the agreement of their screenplays to Hollywood's commercial mood. The movies shine an unflattering light on the justice system and which gives encouragement to its viewers. The movies tend to illustrate that the justice system is not essentially interested in finding the truth, despite the fact that seeking the truth is a necessary aspect of the crime victims' sense of justice (Myers, 2006).A lot of movie portrayals are critiques of the criminal justice system. Most of them show how the current system lacks in providing true justice to crime victims. This is because in movies, many crime victims and proponents of the legal system participants must resort to their personal and more risky manners of seeking justice for the crimes committed against them or their love ones. This is where the judicial practice fails which the movies apparently portray.First, it does not provide enough resources or counseling to victims that have suffered from the crime. Second, the criminal justice system legal system does not adapt the appropriate punishment for crime suspects. While the court is still wondering whether law is a reflection of the public or simply impacts the perspective of the people, there is no doubt that the justice system, with all its strengths and weaknesses, is portrayed most dramatically and largely on the silver screen.The various media portrayals of the criminal justice system as presented in this paper have true and important impacts on the behavior of the public and the society. B y knowing and understanding the ineffectiveness of the justice system as portrayed by the media, people can become more decisive consumers of media images.The various media forms are in the business of affecting how and what people think of the criminal justice system. Nowadays, it is quite hard to believe that people can just ignore everything they perceive in the media because the portrayals presented are not literally correct or because they are loosely staged models of reality.Although most people understand that what they are seeing in media is not a depiction of â€Å"real events,† the persuasive and powerful presentations of media have somehow affected how the human mind works. In order for a portrayal to be efficient, the audience must, in some way, identify with the characters and what they are doing, even if some aspects of the situation are â€Å"unrealistic.† This is where the media proves to be effective in presenting the true facet of the criminal justice system.ReferencesMcNeely, C. (1995). Perceptions of the Criminal Justice System: Television Imagery and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Public Knowledge in the United States. Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Culture, 3(1), 1-20.Myers, R. (2006). Movies About the Legal System and the Portrayal of Crime Victims. Fordham Law Forum on Law, Culture & Society. Retrieved February 5, 2008 from    Fordham Law and Culture Database.Petersen, S. (1999). Yellow Justice: Media Portrayal of Criminal Trials in the ProgressiveEra. Stanford Journal of Legal Studies, 1, 72.

Concepts of Family Nursing Theory

Nurses hold a unique position among health care professionals in terms of prolonged proximity to patients during a stay in hospital or while a person with a long-term health problem is being cared for at home. In contemporary context it is necessary to address the needs of the families whose lives may be irrevocably changed by the illness of one member. As Friedman (1992:29) put it: â€Å"The psychosocial strains on a family with a member suffering a chronic or life-threatening condition can rival the physical strains on the patient.† However, it is not only in relation to chronic illness and disability that families may stand in need of help. The family developmental life cycle involves natural transitions which may create considerable stress. One example might be a woman trying to deal with an adolescent son who is engaging in risk-taking with drugs and alcohol, to protect her younger son from his brother’s influence, to persuade her busy husband to give more attention to his family while providing some support for her mother who is caring for an increasingly frail husband. There is potential for conflict in all of these relationships as family members attempt to balance their own needs with those of other members of the family, and of the family as a unit. Such family tensions are likely to influence the health and well-being of each family member, and their ability to deal with unanticipated events such as accidents or unemployment. Wherever families are struggling to maintain or restore equilibrium, to find ways of coping effectively with crisis or with long-term stress, nurses may find themselves in a supportive role. Frude (1990) identifies that in the literature on families some authors focus upon individuals and regard other members as being the social context of the person. Other authors look at the family unit as a whole with individual members as parts of the whole. This distinction is pertinent to discussions on family nursing. Currently nurses and their colleagues see it as both legitimate and important to take into account the family context of their patients or clients. Much more discussion and collaboration takes place with relatives than in the past. Nurses in some specialties, for instance community nursing, pediatrics or psychiatric nursing, might argue that because of the nature of their work they have always been concerned with the family of the particular client or patient. From the contemporary perspective, it is useful to be aware of how family composition is changing in order to have a mind to the wider context of society as a whole. It is possible to be under the impression that the family today is in terminal decline if all that one reads in the popular press is to be believed. A closer look behind the headlines reveals that what is understood to be under threat is the traditional two biological parent household with dependent children, the nuclear family. It is increasingly apparent that a growing minority of children will experience life in a family that is headed by a lone parent, usually the mother, before they reach adulthood. A popular misconception is that the majority of these mothers are single women. Their numbers are growing faster than other groups, the figures for which seem to have established at the end of the 1990s, but divorced, separated and widowed mothers still constitute the majority. In addition, the divorce rate in remarried couples remains higher than for the general population. There are many factors involved in this but the additional stresses of a reconstituted family may make them more vulnerable to breakdown, for instance the parent-child bond predating the marital bond can lead to step-parents competing with their children for primacy with their spouse. Dimmock (1992) notes that too often the blended family is cast in the mould or ideal of the nuclear family. Indeed, many of those involved are keen to view it in that light. Remarried families can often be struggling with unresolved emotional issues at the same time as coping with family transitions. Dimmock (1992) also indicates that society offers the choice of two conceptual models, that of the nuclear family or the wicked step-parent (mostly stepmothers) of fairy tales. The family nursing model allows accommodation of a family with less rigid boundaries. A nurse, perhaps in the role of health visitor, with an understanding of family systems and family nursing could provide valuable support and help for these families to work through some of the issues involved. There is another group of families which is becoming more prominent, particularly in the United States. Lesbian and gay parenting is currently a topic of hot interest as our society struggles to decide whether it will move forward on human rights issues or attempt to retrench and move back into a mythical past of â€Å"family values.† Increasingly in the US this is an area of interest and debate, especially as reproductive technologies have advanced so that it is possible for the lesbian woman to contemplate pregnancy without a male partner. Gay men wishing to raise a family are also becoming a focus for media interest and debate in this country. The impact of AIDS and HIV infection has also highlighted issues concerning next of kin with gay men, particularly within the health service and in legal terms. This demonstrates the appropriateness of accepting the notion that, from a nursing perspective, the family is who the individual identifies, although it may not necessarily conform to biological or legal ways of thinking. From the personal viewpoint, the strongest argument for the appropriateness of family nursing in the United States now is the massive shift of care from hospitals and institutions to the community. Patients in hospital are more acutely ill, with resultant stress for families who need support. In the community families are in the first line of caring for individuals with intractable, often severe, health problems. At the same time, the purpose of nursing is to provide care for those with continuous needs in partnership with people and with other organizations. Therefore, I totally agree with the purpose of family nursing described by Hanson (1987:8) which is to promote, maintain, and restore family health. Moreover, family nursing is concerned with the interactions between the family and society and among the family and individual family members. References Dimmock, B. (1992) A child of our own, Health Visitor, 65, 10:368-370 Friedman, M.M. (1992) Family nursing: Theory and practice, 3rd edn, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange. Frude, N. (1990) Understanding family problems: A psychological approach, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Hanson, S.M.H. (1987) Family nursing and chronic illness, in Wright, L., Leahey, M. (1987) Families and chronic illness, Pennsylvania: Springhouse.

Clayton Bates essays

Clayton Bates essays Clayton Bates was born in 1907, in Fountain Inn, South Carolina. As a young boy, he worked in the cotton fields and his mother was a nurse for a white family. Clayton hated his job though, and his true love was dancing. Some days, he would secretly go to the local barber shop and dance for the rich white men for some extra money, until one day when his mother found out and dragged him home. Clayton always went back though, because he loved the extra money, and most of all, he loved to dance. At the age of eleven, Clayton got sick of his job in the cotton fields. He claimed that the job wasnt 9 to 5, it was can to cant. He pleaded with his mother to let him go to work in the cottonseed mill, but she wouldnt let him because she felt he was too young to be working in a dangerous factory. After enough reasoning his mother agreed to let him go to work in the cottonseed mill, where he worked on top of a cottonseed pile. His job was to push the cottonseed so that it flowed down into the conveyor, where it was ground into meal. On only his second day at the job, Clayton slipped and fell into the conveyor with the cottonseed and fell into the auger, which crushed his leg and 2 fingers on his right hand. Since, black people were not allowed into most hospitals at the time, Bates was forced to have his leg amputated on his mothers kitchen table. Clayton refused to let this slow him down, and with a wooden peg leg his uncle made for him, he ran five miles every day, jumping over ditches and whatever obstacles he met. After close to a year and a half, Clayton was able to run and dance just like he used to, and he refused to let anyone pity him for his disability. Soon after his accident Clayton was back to his dancing, and was now known by everyone, even his mother, as Peg Leg. Peg Leg began joining traveling dance shows. Sa ...

Writing a Dissertation Proposal

Writing a Dissertation Proposal Dissertation writing is an exhaustive academic experience, the successful completion of which demonstrates the candidates ability to address a major intellectual problem and arrive at an independent, successful conclusion at a high level of professional competence. What Is a Dissertation Proposal? Any student required to submit a dissertation (a lengthy, formal treatise – especially one written by a candidate for a doctoral degree at a university) will more than likely be required to submit first a dissertation proposal. And even if the student is not required first to write a dissertation proposal, drafting one will be a very useful practice for him when aiming to complete a dissertation in the future. A dissertation proposal is basically an abstract to the  dissertation,  which provides an organized, concise plan for completing it. DISSERTATION WRITING The purpose of the dissertation proposal is to convince a committee, or a group of academic advisors who would ultimately be awarding the student the degree, whether doctoral or graduate, that there is a legitimate question worth pursuing and that the student is in a position to succeed in pursuing it. Proposals of this kind demonstrate that the student has identified an interesting research question, can objectively, concisely and thoroughly explain the importance of the question to just about anyone not familiar with the topic, and has a detailed plan for testing their hypotheses. A proposal includes what one’s dissertation is, most importantly, about, as well as what specific questions are being examined in the academic treatise. They embody previously published thoughts and studies on the topic, the research methods the student will attempt to incorporate, whether empirical or non-empirical and, lastly, the potential outcomes of the study. A Checklist Comprising a Dissertation Proposal Dissertation title Of course, the student will, often after conducting research and observing  developments in the analysis of their subject’s problem, be forced to alter the wording  of their title. The title should also be kept generally short in nature and to the point. Objectives Focus on three strong objectives, or what exactly the student aims to accomplish, to keep from the scope of the dissertation and its accompanying research from being entirely too broad. Literature, context, and background This means the inclusion of all schools of thought, domains of practice, and areas of study that will ultimately be incorporated into the dissertation. Research details In this portion of the proposal, expand on the ideas expressed in the research  question, or the overarching question – or problem, or topic – being solved, addressed and evaluated. Methodologies   Here, the students share the system of methods they plan to implement into their dissertation. Methodologies should either be empirical (which is based on or concerned with, or verifiable, by observation and/or experience rather than theory or pure logic – and are usually a study or collection of data, such as questionnaires) or non-empirical (with research coming from already published writings and projects). Potential outcomes In this part of the dissertation proposal, the students should summarize the type of outcomes they hope to generate. If the outcomes were indeed obvious from the start, there would be no need for – and certainly no approval from the student’s professors and advisors alike – a dissertation in the first place. Timeline Students may be asked to include a realistic, thorough outline of how they plan to conduct and manage research. Adding a timeline helps to convince an academic committee that the students working to have their dissertation accepted for academic credit are prepared to undergo the rigorous process of completing – and actually having accepted – their dissertation. Bibliography Most dissertation proposals (as well the dissertations themselves) will require a list of references used throughout the project. DISSERTATION WRITING SERVICE If you find the process of writing a dissertation proposal difficult or if you have no time for that, feel free to contact our friendly support team for assistance or place an order and we will gladly help you.

Testing CAPM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Testing CAPM - Essay Example For better clarity in the results, the number of replications was set to 1500. The bias and the accuracy of the significance tests are provided below for each observation value. From the above results, the bias for the YSeries is -0.331 and has a very low standard deviation of 0.008. The RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) is an absolute measure of the residuals. A low value indicates a better fit. The RMSE is relatively higher for the Intercept in comparison to the RMSE values for the XSeries and YSeries, suggesting that the latter two parameters exhibit a better absolute fit to the given data. The EDFs from the analysis is shown below: Based on the above results, X5% should be 1.96 for the null hypothesis to be true. However, the upper tail quantiles in the case of both variables (XSeries and YSeries(-1)) lead to the rejection of the null hypothesis since their 5% values exceed the critical value of 1.96. The null hypothesis in the case of both the variables is that H0:  µ =  µ0 for a given value  µ0 (sample mean). The alternative hypothesis in either case states that Ha:  µ ≠   µ0, indicating a two tailed test. The power indicates the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the true mean differs from the hypothetical mean. From the above two cases, the power for YSeries(-1) is much greater than that for the XSeries indicating a greater probability for rejection of the null hypothesis in the case of the latter. The figure below shows the bias for the parameters when configured for 30 observations. It appears that the bias has reduced in the case of both estimators as a result of this increase in the number of observations (compared to the earlier simulation with 10 observations) indicating that the new estimates provide a better fit. The RMSE values have also reduced suggesting a similar conclusion. However, the higher RMSE value for the intercept indicates a comparatively lower fit with respect